Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: трансграничен работник
- CZ: přeshraniční pracovník; příhraniční pracovník
- DE: Grenzgänger
- EE: piiriülene töötaja
- EN: cross-border worker
- ES: trabajador transfronterizo
- FI: rajatyöntekijä
- FR: travailleur transfrontalier
- GA: oibrí trasteorann
- GR: διασυνοριακής εργαζομένων
- HU: határ menti ingázó munkavállaló
- IT: lavoratore frontaliero
- LT: tarpvalstybinis darbuotojas
- LV: pārrobežu darba ņēmējs
- MT: Ħaddiem transkonfinali / jaqsam fruntiera
- NL: grensarbeider
- NO: grensependler (b) / grensependlar (n)
- PL: pracownik transgraniczny
- RO: lucrator transfrontalier
- SE: gränsarbetare
- SK: cezhraničný pracovník
- SL: čezmejni delavec
A person who works as an employee or self-employed person in one EU Member State but is recognised as residing in another (neighbouring) EU Member State.
2. The concept of cross-border workers covers different circumstances, depending on whether one takes the Community meaning (set out, in particular, in connection with social security) or the various definitions included in bilateral double-taxation agreements.
3. Where tax is concerned, bilateral double-taxation agreements determining the tax arrangements applicable to frontier workers use more restrictive definitions which additionally impose a spatial criterion: the fact of living and working in a frontier zone.
4. Often 'cross-border workers' and 'frontier workers' are considered as synonyms. However, cross-border workers are distinct from frontier workers to the extent that they do not necessarily work in the frontier zone of the host country.
- BG: приемаща страна
- CZ: hostitelský stát
- DE: Aufnahmeland
- EE: vastuvõttev riik
- EN: host country
- ES: país de acogida
- FI: vastaanottava maa
- FR: pays d’accueil
- GA: tír aíochta
- GR: χώρα υποδοχής
- HU: fogadó ország
- IT: paese ospitante
- LT: priimančioji šalis
- LV: uzņēmējvalsts
- MT: Pajjiż li jilqa’
- NL: gastland
- NO: vertsland
- PL: kraj przyjmujący
- PT: país de acolhimento
- RO: ţară gazdă
- SE: värdland
- SK: hostiteľská krajina / prijímajúca krajina
- SL: država gostiteljica
The EU Member State / country in which a third-country national / non-national takes up residence.
Developed by EMN
- BG: бежанец по мандата на Върховния комисар на ООН за бежанците (ВКБООН)
- CZ: mandatorní uprchlík
- DE: Mandatsflüchtling
- EE: mandaadipagulane
- EN: mandate refugee
- ES: refugiado (bajo mandato)
- FI: mandaattipakolainen
- FR: réfugié relevant du mandat du HCR
- GA: dídeanaí de réir sainordú
- GR: πρόσφυγας εντολής
- HU: mandátumos menekült
- IT: rifugiato ex Mandato
- LT: pabėgėlis pagal mandatą
- LV: UNHCR mandāta bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) b’digriet / b’mandat
- NL: mandaatvluchteling
- NO: overføringsflyktning
- PL: uchodźca mandatowy
- PT: refugiados (Mandato)
- RO: refugiat sub mandat UNHCR
- SE: vertimo nėra
- SK: mandátny utečenec
- SL: mandatni begunec
A person who meets the criteria of the UNHCR Statute and qualifies for the protection of the UN provided by the High Commissioner for Refugees, regardless of whether or not they are in a country that is a party to the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, or whether or not they have been recognised by the host country as a refugee under either of these instruments.
- BG: незаконен мигрант
- CZ: nelegální migrant
- DE: irregulärer Migrant
- EE: ebaseaduslik sisserändaja
- EN: irregular migrant
- ES: inmigrante en situación irregular
- FI: laittomasti maassa oleskeleva henkilö
- FR: migrant en séjour irrégulier
- GA: imirceach neamhrialta
- GR: παράνομος μετανάστης
- HU: irreguláris migráns
- IT: migrante irregolare
- LT: neteisėtas migrantas
- LV: nelikumīgs migrants
- MT: Migrant(a) irregolari
- NL: illegaal verblijvende migrant
- NO: irregulær migrant
- PL: migrant nieregularny
- PT: imigrante irregular
- RO: migrant ilegal
- SE: irreguljär migrant
- SK: nelegálny migrant / migrant bez platného povolenia na pobyt
- SL: ilegaln migrant / nezakonit priseljenec
In the EU context, a third-country national present on the territory of a Schengen State who does not fulfil, or no longer fulfils, the conditions of entry as set out in the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code) or other conditions for entry, stay or residence in that EU Member State.
2. The term 'irregular' is preferable to 'illegal' migrant because the latter carries a criminal connotation, entering a country in an irregular manner, or staying with an irregular status, is not a criminal offence but an infraction of administrative regulations. Apart from this, juridically and ethically, an act can be legal or illegal but a person cannot. Thus more and more the term 'migrant in an irregular situation' or 'migrant with irregular status' is preferred.
3. The European Commission has used the term 'third-country national found to be illegally present' or 'illegally resident/staying third-country national' in legislation.
4. The Council of Europe differentiates between illegal migration and irregular migrant. Referring to Resolution 1509 (2006) of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, ‘illegal’ is preferred when referring to a status or process, whereas 'irregular' is preferred.
- BG: върнат
- CZ: navracený cizinec
- DE: Rückkehrer
- EE: tagasipöörduja
- EN: returnee
- ES: extranjero retornado
- FI: paluumuuttaja / palaaja, (pakko)palautettava
- FR: rapatrié
- GA: imirceach fillteach
- GR: επαναπατριζόμενος
- HU: hazatérő / visszatérő
- IT: persona che compie ritorno
- LT: grąžinamasis / grįžtantysis
- LV: izraidāmais
- MT: Migrant(a) ritornat(a)
- NL: terugkeerder
- NO: den personen som vender hjem (b) / den personen som vender heim (n)
- PL: osoba powracająca
- PT: retornado
- RO: returnat
- SE: återvändare
- SK: navrátilec
- SL: oseba, ki je predmet vračanja
A person going from a host country back to a country of origin, country of nationality or habitual residence usually after spending a significant period of time in the host country whether voluntary or forced, assisted or spontaneous.
The definition covers all categories of migrants (persons who have resided legally in a country as well as failed asylum seekers) and different ways the return is implemented (e.g. voluntary, forced, assisted and spontaneous). It does not cover stays shorter than three months (such as holiday visits or business meetings and other visits typically considered to be for a period of time of less than three months).
- BG: суспензивен ефект
- CZ: odkladný účinek
- DE: aufschiebende Wirkung
- EE: edasilükkav toime
- EN: suspensive effect
- ES: efecto suspensivo
- FI: lykkäävä vaikutus
- FR: effet suspensif
- GA: éifeacht fionraíochta
- HU: halasztó hatály
- IT: effetto sospensivo
- LT: stabdomasis poveikis
- LV: atliekošs efekts
- MT: Posponiment / Sospensjoni bħala konsegwenza (b’effett) ta’...
- NL: schorsende werking
- NO: utsettende virkning (b) / utsetjande verknad (n)
- PL: skutek zawieszający
- RO: efect suspensiv
- SE: suspensiv effekt
- SK: odkladný účinok [rozhodnutia]
- SL: suspenzivni učinek /odložilni učinek
A consequence of an appeal, which suspends the enforceability of a challenged decision allowing the appellant to remain in a host country pending the outcome.
2. In some circumstances (listed in Art. 46(6) of Directive 2013/32/EU), such as decisions considering an application to be manifestly unfounded in accordance with Art. 32(2) or unfounded after examination in accordance with Art. 31(8), the suspensive effect of appeal is not automatic. However, the possibility remains to request a court or tribunal for a right to stay, pending the second instance decision (Art. 46 (3) of Directive 2013/32/EU).
- BG: офицер за връзка по имиграция
- CZ: imigrační styčný důstojník
- DE: Verbindungsbeamter für Einwanderungsfragen
- EE: Euroopa sisserände sideametnik
- EN: Immigration Liaison Officer
- ES: oficiales de enlace de inmigración
- FI: maahanmuuttoalan yhdyshenkilö
- FR: officier de liaison «Immigration»
- GA: Oifigeach Idirchaidrimh Inimirce (ILO)
- GR: Σύνδεσμος Μετανάστευσης (αξιωματούχος)
- HU: bevándorlási összekötő tiszt(viselő)
- IT: funzionario di collegamento incaricato dell’immigrazione
- LT: imigracijos ryšių palaikymo pareigūnas
- LV: imigrācijas sadarbības koordinators
- MT: Uffiċjal tal-Kollegament Responsabbli għall‑Immigrazzjoni (UKRI)
- NL: immigratieverbindingsfunctionaris, (syn.: immigratieverbindingsambtenaar; in daily practice: ILO)
- NO: kontaktperson med ansvar for immigrasjon
- PL: oficer łącznikowy ds. imigracji
- PT: Oficial de ligação de imigração
- RO: ofiţer de legătură pe probleme de imigraţie (in daily practice ILO)
- SE: sambandsman för invandring
- SK: imigračný styčný dôstojník
- SL: Uradnik za zvezo za priseljevanje
A representative of one of the EU Member States, posted abroad by the immigration service or other competent authorities in order to establish and maintain contacts with the authorities of the host country with a view to contributing to the prevention and combating of irregular migration, the return of irregular migrants and the management of legal migration.
2. The immigration liaison officers could be posted to the national consular authorities of EU Member States in third countries or to the relevant authorities of other EU Member States, but also to the competent authorities of the third countries, as well as to international organisations for a reasonable time period to be determined by the posting EU Member State.
3. An amendment to Regulation (EC) 377/2004 modifying its Articles 3, 4 and 6 was adopted as Regulation (EU) No 493/2011 (Immigration Liaison Officer Regulation) on 5 April 2011.
- BG: диаспора
- CZ: diaspora
- DE: Diaspora
- EE: diasporaa
- EN: diaspora
- ES: diáspora
- FI: diaspora
- FR: diaspora
- GA: diaspóra
- GR: διασπορά
- HU: diaszpóra
- IT: diaspora
- LT: diaspora
- LV: diaspora
- MT: Dijaspora
- NL: diaspora
- NO: diaspora
- PL: Diaspora
- PT: diáspora
- RO: diaspora
- SE: diaspora
- SK: diaspóra
- SL: diaspora
Individuals and members of networks, associations and communities, who have left their country of origin, but maintain links with their homelands.
2. It is a general term, with no legal definition, which can also cover EU Member State nationals (and immigrants) who feel strong connections to their origins.
- BG: детегледачка
- CZ: au pair
- DE: Au-pair
- EE: au pair lapsehoidja
- EN: au pair
- ES: au pair
- FI: au pair
- FR: au pair
- GA: au pair
- GR: εσωτερικός άμισθος βοηθός (au pair)
- HU: au pair
- IT: persona collocata alla pari
- LT: au pair auklė
- LV: viesaukle
- MT: au pair
- NL: au pair
- NO: au pair
- PL: au pair
- PT: au pair
- RO: lucrator „au pair”
- SE: au pair
- SK: au pair / au-pair
- SL: varuška
A third-country national who is temporarily received by a family in the territory of an EU Member State in exchange for light housework and taking care of children in order to improve their linguistic skills and knowledge of the host country.